The Mediating Effect of Job Satisfaction on the Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Organizational Commitment
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54536/ajmri.v4i3.4473Keywords:
Job Satisfaction, Mediating Effect, Organizational Commitment, Philippines, Transformational LeadershipAbstract
This study determined the mediating effect of job satisfaction on the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment among public-school teachers in the Division of Davao del Sur. Using a non-experimental quantitative research design, the study employed descriptive-correlational techniques and statistical tests, including mean, pearson r, and sobel z test. Data were gathered using structured questionnaires distributed to a sample selected through stratified random sampling, ensuring representation from various schools within the division. The findings revealed notably high levels of transformational leadership, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction among the teacher-respondents. Results indicated correlations between transformational leadership and both organizational commitment and job satisfaction, as well as a significant correlation between job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Moreover, job satisfaction was found to have a partial mediating effect, as demonstrated by the Sobel Z test. These findings align with Social Exchange Theory, highlighting how transformational leadership positively influences job satisfaimpacts organizational commitment. This research provides valuable insights into leadership dynamics, emphasizing the critical role of transformational leadership in fostering enhanced employee attitudes and commitment within educational settings.
Downloads
References
Abelha, D., Carneiro, P., & Cavazotte, F. (2018). Transformational Leadership and Job Satisfaction: Assessing the Influence of Organizational Contextual Factors and Individual Characteristics. Review of Business Management, 20(4), 516–532. https://doi.org/10.7819/rbgn.v0i0.3949
Ado, N. R. (2021). Mediating Effect of Job Satisfaction on the Relationship Between Transformational Leadership and Organizational Commitment in Private Heis: An Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Study. International Conference on Advanced Research Education.
Al Balushi, A. K., Thumiki, V. R. R., Nawaz, N., Jurcic, A., & Gajenderan, V. (2022). Role of organizational commitment in career growth and turnover intention in public sector of Oman. PLOS ONE, 17(5), e0265535. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265535
Ali, B. J., & Anwar, G. (2021). An Empirical Study of Employees’ Motivation and Its Influence Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(2), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.2.3
Allen, M. (2017). Path analysis. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483381411.n414
Alif Hiola, A., & Hanurawan, F. (2022). Relationship Between Organizational Commitment and Employee Satisfaction of PT X. KnE Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i18.12390
Aprileani, A. P., & Abadi, F. (2022). The Roles of Transformational Leadership on Employee’s Job Satisfaction, Readiness for Change, and Organizational Commitment of Islamic Banking in Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Business Analytics (IJBA), 2(2), 213–230. https://10.0.218.119/ijba.v2i2.2228
Aprilyansyah, R., & Djamil, M. (2023). The Effect of Organizational Commitment and Work Motivation on Teacher Performance with Job Satisfaction As an Intervening Variable (In Case Study of Sandikta Vocational School, Bekasi City). Dinasti International Journal of Management and Science, 4(6), 1167–1177. https://doi.org/10.31933/dijms.v4i6
Arsenal, N. J. V., Narciso, R. M. C., Rama, D. D., & Tabigue, C. F. (2021). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Work Values and Organizational Commitment Among Employees of Um Tagum College. IJEBD (International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Development), 4(4), 447–451. https://doi.org/10.29138/ijebd.v4i4.1408
Asbari, M., Santoso, P. B., & Prasetya, A. B. (2020). Elitical And Antidemocratic Transformational Leadership Critics: Is It Still Relevant ? ( A Literature Study). International Journal of Social, Policy and Law, 1(1), 12–16.
Aziz, H. M., Othman, B. J., Gardi, B., Ahmed, S. A., Sabir, B. Y., Ismael, N. B., Hamza, P. A., Sorguli, S., Ali, B. J., Anwar, G. (2021). Employee Commitment: The Relationship between Employee Commitment And Job Satisfaction. Journal of Humanities and Education Development, 3(3), 54–66
Bakhtiar, B. (2019). Kategori Kepemimpinan Transformational. At Jurnal Ilmiah ProdiPendidikanAgama,11(1),38-47.https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2020.1754881
Bancoro, J. C. (2023). The Impact of Organizational Commitment on the Job Satisfaction of College Teachers in the College of Business Administration of Negros Oriental State University. East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (EAJMR), 2(4).
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173.
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Sage Publications.
Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. Wiley.
Buñao, M. A. F., & Dura, A. P. (2023). Emotional Intelligence as Mediator of Quality of Work Life and Commitment: Context of Public Sector Employees. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 42(2), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2023/v42i2911
Caballero, C., & Guhao, E. Jr. (2020). Structural Equation Model on Organizational Commitment of Private Schools’ Library Personnel in Region XI. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 9(3), 335–381.
Cabayag, S. J., & Guhao, E. Jr. (2024). Self-Efficacy, Job Performance, and Transformational Leadership:A Structural Equation Model on Organizational Commitment Among Public School Teachers. European Journal of Education Studies, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v11i1.5168
Celeste, J. (2020). The Mediating Effect of Job Satisfaction on the Relationship Between Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture (pp. 1–178) [Thesis].
Chen, C., Ding, X., & Li, J. (2021). Transformational Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Employee Relations Climate and the Moderating Role of Subordinate Gender. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1), 233. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010233
Chen, C., Ding, X., & Li, J. (2021). Transformational Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Employee Relations Climate and the Moderating Role of Subordinate Gender. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1), 233. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010233
Clark, D. R. (2011). Transformational leadership survey. Retrieved from http://nwlink.com/donclark/leader/transformational_survey.html
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Boston, MA. Pearson Education, Inc.
Dziuba, S. T., Ingaldi, M., & Zhuravskaya, M. (2020). Employees’ Job Satisfaction and their Work Performance as Elements Influencing Work Safety. System Safety: Human - Technical Facility - Environment, 2(1), 18–25. https://doi.org/10.2478/czoto-2020-0003
Federičová, M. (2021). Teacher turnover: What can we learn from Europe?. European Journal of Education, 56(1), 102-116. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12429
Glaveli, N., Manolitzas, P., Tsourou, E., & Grigoroudis, E. (2024). Unlocking teacher job satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-criteria satisfaction analysis. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 15(1), 1264-1285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-023-01124-z
Goetz, N., & Wald, A. (2022). Similar but different? The influence of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and person-job fit on individual performance in the continuum between permanent and temporary organizations. International Journal of Project Management, 40(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2022.03.001
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Work redesign. Addison-Wesley.
Haider, S., de Pablos Heredero, C., & Ahmed, M. (2019). A three-wave time-lagged study of mediation between positive feedback and organizational citizenship behavior: the role of organization-based self-esteem. Psychology research and behavior management, 241-253.
Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408–420.
Hedayat, A., Sogolitappeh, F. N., Shakeri, R., Abasifard, M., & Khaledian, M. (2018).Relationship between OrganizationalCommitmentandJobSatisfaction. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 81, 30–38. https://doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.81.30
Heenan, I., De Paor, D., Lafferty, N., & McNamara, P. (2023). The Impact of Transformational School Leadership on School Staff and School Culture in Primary Schools—A Systematic Review of International Literature. Societies, 13(6), 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13060133
Hussain, S., Irshad Hussain Sarki, Nawaz, M., & Aslam, K. (2023). The Impact of Workplace Bullying on Organizational Commitment: A Structural Equation Modeling Assessment. Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2023.1102.0440
Jeck, K., & Apostol, R. L. (2024). The Mediating Effect of Transformational Leadership on the Relationship between Self-concept and Organizational Commitment. European Journal of Education Studies, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v11i3.5237
Jiatong, W., Wang, Z., Alam, M., Murad, M., Gul, F., & Gill, S. A. (2022). The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Affective Organizational Commitment and Job Performance: The Mediating Role of Employee Engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.831060
Judge, T. A., Zhang, S. (Carrie), & Glerum, D. R. (2020). Job Satisfaction. Essentials of Job Attitudes and Other Workplace Psychological Constructs, 207–241. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429325755-11
Kareem, J., Harold Andrew Patrick, Nepoleon Prabakaran, Valarmathi B, Veerta Tantia, Kumar, P., & Mukherjee, U. (2023). Transformational educational leaders inspire school educators’ commitment. Frontiers in Education, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1171513
Katebi, A., HajiZadeh, M. H., Bordbar, A., & Salehi, A. M. (2021). The Relationship Between “Job Satisfaction” and “Job Performance”: A Meta-analysis. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-021- 00280-y
Khan, S., Rehman, H. U., & Iqbal, T. (2022). Transformational leadership and job satisfaction: Evidence from the education sector in Pakistan. Journal of Educational Leadership and Practice, 11(3), 45-58.
Khan, S. U. R., Anjam, M., Abu Faiz, M., Khan, F., & Khan, H. (2020). Probing the Effects of Transformational Leadership on Employees’ Job Satisfaction With Interaction of Organizational Learning Culture. SAGE Open, 10(2), 215824402093077. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020930771
Khoso, R., Ali, M., & Iqbal, W. (2021). Transformational Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Employee Relations Climate and the Moderating Role of Subordinate Gender. Journal of Business and Economics, 13(1), 126–147. https://doi.org/10.5311/JBE.2021.26.6
Koswara, D., Hardhienata, S., & Retnowati, R. (2021). Increasing Teacher`s Organizational Commitment Through Strengthening Teamwork, Situational Leadership and Self-Efficacy. Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management Research, 2(4), 228–238. https://doi.org/10.7777/jiemar.v2i4
Kotamena, F., Senjaya, P., & Prasetya, A. B. (2020). A Literature Review: Is Transformational Leadership Elitist and Antidemocratic? International Journal of Social, Policy and Law, 1(1), 36–43.
Kwapisz, A., Brown, F., Bryant, S., Chupka, R., Profota, T., & William. (2019). The Relative Importance of Transformational Leadership and Contingent Reward on Satisfaction with Supervision in Nonprofit and For-profit Organizations. Journal of International & Interdisciplinary Business Research Journal, 6(4). https://scholars.fhsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1140&context=jiibr
Lara, N. (2022). The Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Affective Commitment and Intent to Leave the Organization. https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.bdpb-b6hu
Lin, C. pei, Xian, J., Li, B., & Huang, H. (2020). Transformational Leadership and Employees’ Thriving at Work: The Mediating Roles of Challenge-Hindrance Stressors. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01400
Oco, M. (2022). Level of job satisfaction of public high school teachers: A survey. International Journal of Research Publications, 95(1). https://doi.org/10.47119/ijrp100951220222888
Mahzan, F., & Nordin, N. (2021). The Relationship between Transformational Leadership Practiced and the Level of Job Satisfaction among Lecturers in MARA Professional College, Malaysia. Asian Journal of University Education, 17(3), 154. https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v17i3.14511
Malik, A., & Shahzad, M. (2022). Examining the mediating role of job satisfaction in the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment in public organizations. Leadership Studies Quarterly, 5(2), 12-25.
Mei Hardika, S., Wijayaningsih, L., & Kurniawan, M. (2018). Penerapan Gaya Kepemimpinan Transformasional Dalam Manajemen PAUD di Kecamatan Sidorejo Salatiga. https://doi.org/10.24246/j.js.2018.v8.i2.p197-209
Needle, D. (2021, March). What is transformational leadership? https://www.techtarget.com/searchcio/definition/transformational-
Nugraha, I. G. A. B. A., & Dewi, A. S. K. (2022). The Role of Job Satisfaction Mediating the Effect of Transformational Leadership on Organizational Commitment at Engineering Company. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 7(2), 96–99. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2022.7.2.1342
O’Reilly, C. A., & Chatman, J. A. (2020). Transformational Leader or Narcissist? How Grandiose Narcissists Can Create and Destroy Organizations and Institutions. California Management Review, 62(3), 5–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125620914989
Özkaya, E., & Akin, M. A. (2023). Analysis of the Relationship Between Transformational Leadership and Organizational Commitment According to Teacher Perceptions. https://doi.org/10.1177/00081256209139792
Phungula, N., Dhanpat, N., & Braine, R. (2022). The Effect of Employee Value Proposition on Normative Commitment. EUREKA: Social and Humanities, 2(2), 46–57. https://doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2022.002322
Pratama, E. N., Suwarni, E., & Handayani, M. A. (2022). Effect Of Job Satisfaction And Organizational Commitment On Turnover Intention With Person Organization Fit As Moderator Variable. APTISI Transactions on Management (ATM), 6(1), 74–82. https://doi.org/10.33050/atm.v6i1.1722
Purwanto, A. (2021, December 16). The Relationship of Transformational Leadership, Organizational Justice and Organizational Commitment: a Mediation Effect of Job Satisfaction. https://doi.org/10.1177/00081266209139712
Quines, L. A., & Saycon, L. J. (2023). The Mediating effect of Organizational Commitment on the Relationship between Workplace Resilience and Teacher Professional Identity. European Journal of Education Studies, 10(6). https://doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v10i6.4865
Rivera, E. (2020). Organizational Commitment and Identity in Relation to Job Satisfaction of University Employees. LAMDAG, 11(1), 1–1. https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=16520
Romero, G., & Bantigue, N. (2017). Job Satisfaction Level of K to 12 Teachers Utilizing Multiple Statistical Tools. Asia Pacific Institute of Advanced Research. https://apiar.org.au/journal-paper/job- https://doi.org/10.23050/atm.v6i1.1721
Rubel, M. R. B., Kee, D. M. H., & Rimi, N. N. (2021). High commitment human resource management practices and hotel employees’ work outcomes in Bangladesh. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 40(5), 37– 52.
Rudianto, J., F., & Santosa, W. (2023). Effect of Transformational Leadership, Delegation of Tasks, and Work Motivation on the Performance of the Naval Headquarters Detachment Unit with Organizational Culture as an Intervening Variable. International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 06(05). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i5-23
Sacramento, R. (2023). Emotional Intelligence, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment and Its Relationship to Job Performance: Basis for Professional Development Plan. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(6), 1–1. https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=21815
Salmons, J. (2023). Quantitative Research with Non-experimental Designs. Sage Research Methods Community. https://researchmethodscommunity.sagepub.com/blog/quantitative-research-with-non-experimental-designs
Senthilnathan, S. (2019). Usefulness of Correlation Analysis. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3416918
Sessa, V. I., & Bowling, N. A. (2021). Essentials of job attitudes and other workplace psychological constructs. Routledge.
Seville, J., & Guhao, E. J. (2023). Passion for teaching, teacher immediacy behavior, and job satisfaction: A path model on teaching effectiveness among public school teachers. International Journal of Research Studies in Education, 12(6). https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrse.2023.50
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations. Psychological methods, 7(4), 422.
Sidhu, A., & Bhalla, P. (2021). Mediating Effect and Review of its Statistical Measures. Empirical Economics Letters, 20(4), 30–40.
Simkus, J. (2022, March 2). What is a Pilot Study? SimplyPsychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/pilot-studies.html
Spector, P. (1994). Job Satisfaction Survey. Tampa, FL Department of Psychology, University of South Florida. Scientific Research Publishing.Www.scirp.org.https://www.scirp.org/(S(lz5mqp453edsnp55rrgjct55))/reference/referencespaper s.aspx?referenceid=1674242
Taganas, M., & Nabe, N. (2023). A Prediction Model On Organizational Commitment of Correctional Officers in Relation to Organizational Culture and Health. United International Journal for Research & Technology, 4(5), 174–180.
Top, C., Mohammad, B., & Hemn, A. (2020). Transformational Leadership Impact on Employees Performance. Eurasian Journal of Management & Social Sciences, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.23918/ejmss.v1i1p49
Toropova, A., Myrberg, E., & Johansson, S. (2020). Teacher job satisfaction: the importance of school working conditions and teacher characteristics. Educational Review, 73(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2019.1705247
Wooldredge, J. (2021). Path Analysis. The Encyclopedia of Research Methods in Criminology and Criminal Justice (pp. 515–522). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119111931.ch105
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Rhea Evelyn C. Sarona, Rey G. Doble
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
